Beijing is taking its first steps toward recovering from years of setbacks to its scientific, land-based projects in the Arctic, sending personnel to two outposts that have been vital to its policy of establishing China as a "near-Arctic" state.
China’s Arctic policy document, published in 2018, said scientific research to “explore and understand” the Arctic is the "priority and focus" of Chinese participation in Arctic affairs.
Over a 14-year period since 2004, China launched scientific projects in Arctic regions of four Western European nations — Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland — and sought to do the same in a fifth, Denmark’s autonomous island of Greenland.
China's projects in the Arctic
The Biden administration, which published its own "National Strategy for the Arctic Region" in October, said those scientific projects have helped China to increase its influence in the Arctic and “exacerbated" strategic competition in a region where the U.S. has long been a major power.
The U.S. strategy document said China has "used these scientific engagements to conduct dual-use research with intelligence or military applications in the Arctic," requiring the U.S. to respond by positioning itself to “effectively compete and manage tensions” in the region.
China’s state-run Global Times newspaper quickly responded to the U.S. strategy with an article citing Chinese analysts as saying Washington has been "politicizing" China’s activities in the Arctic. It said the analysts see the U.S. "using 'increased competition' as an excuse in trying to control the region after seeing its increasingly prominent economic and military value."
As it snipes publicly at the U.S., Beijing has been less vocal about setbacks to its land-based Arctic scientific projects in recent years and its nascent moves to revive some of them.
Arctic researchers have told VOA that China recently has sent and announced plans to imminently send several people to its two most important scientific outposts in Norway and Iceland after lengthy absences of Chinese scientists from both sites. But there have been no signs of China trying to renew two other scientific projects in Sweden and Finland where national organizations told VOA that Chinese activity is set to end or has ended.
Yellow River Station
The Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC) recently registered three projects in the scientific community of Ny-Alesund in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago, where it has rented and operated a Norwegian-owned building since 2004 called Yellow River Station, its first Arctic ground facility. PRIC registered the projects on Norway’s Research in Svalbard Portal.
Scientist Geir Gotaas, leader of the Ny-Alesund Program at the Norwegian Polar Institute, said Chinese personnel have been mostly absent from Yellow River Station since the start of the pandemic because of travel restrictions. He said the last Chinese researcher departed in March after a solo three-month stay at the building, which has a capacity of approximately 10 staff.
The entrance of China's Yellow River Station research building, rented from a Norwegian company, is seen in this photo taken by Geir Gotaas, Norwegian Polar Institute, in 2015.
Gotaas said four Chinese scientists will arrive in the Norwegian mainland this week before flying to Svalbard, with three staying for a few weeks in Longyearbyen and Ny-Alesund and the fourth remaining at Yellow River Station until March to maintain instruments over winter.
A photo of polar lights in the sky above China's Yellow River Station research building in Ny-Alesund, Norway, as published by Chinese state news agency Xinhua. The image is dated March 10, 2008, but VOA could not verify its authenticity.
"The Chinese researchers are making a first step towards a return to regular operations in Ny-Alesund," Gotaas said.
China Iceland Arctic Research Observatory
In northern Iceland’s Karholl, six Chinese personnel, including four scientists, arrived at the China Iceland Arctic Research Observatory (CIAO) late last month after a three-year Chinese absence from the complex, according to its spokesperson, Halldor Johannsson, director of the Arctic Portal.org news organization.
Johannsson said pandemic travel restrictions had kept the Chinese personnel away from CIAO, which opened in 2018 and is jointly operated by China’s PRIC and the Icelandic Center for Research (Rannis). The recently arrived Chinese contingent has met with local scientists and community leaders and was to depart in early December, he added.
CIAO consists of a new research building and several farmhouses for accommodation and other uses. China fully funded the building’s construction but does not own anything at the site and rents the property from Icelandic nonprofit group Aurora Observatory, Johannsson said.
Esrange Space Center
In northern Sweden’s Esrange Space Center, contracts enabling three Chinese scientific agencies to use four satellite dish antennas built from 2008 to 2016 will not be renewed, according to Philip Ohlsson, Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) head of communications.
SSC controls all data received from and sent to satellites by the antennas, three of which are SSC-owned while the fourth is Chinese-owned, Ohlsson wrote in a series of emails. He said Chinese personnel have visited Esrange from time to time but never have been stationed there.
"In 2018, SSC took the decision not to enter into any new contracts with Chinese customers, given the limited size of our company in relation to the complexity of the Chinese market," Ohlsson said.
A photo of an antenna dedicated for use by China at Sweden's Esrange Space Center, as published by China's Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI). The image appeared online in 2018, but VOA could not verify its authenticity.
He declined to reveal when the existing contracts will end, “out of respect for our customers and the confidentiality of these contracts.”
In northern Finland’s Sodankyla Space Campus, a joint research project launched by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2018, ended last year when a three-year agreement expired, said Jouni Pulliainen, FMI Space and Earth Observation Center director.
FMI and CAS Joint Research Center
CAS announced in 2018 that a joint research center for Arctic space observation and data sharing would be “constructed” in Sodankyla. But Pulliainen wrote in an email that there was no new construction at the space campus and the project mainly involved temporary visits by five Chinese researchers to Sodankyla’s existing facilities before the start of the pandemic.
Pulliainen said the outcome of the project was “not as impressive” as the Chinese side had originally expressed through state media.
"Due to changes in the world’s political situation, we were not any more so interested in deepening the cooperation activities, and we were not contacted from CAS about the renewal of the agreement," he added.
Auroral activity above antenna field at Finnish Meteorological Institute's Arctic Space Center in Sodankyla, Finland, is seen in this photo taken by Matias Takala on March 16, 2017.
China also never realized its 2017 proposal to build a satellite dish antenna ground station for remote sensing in the Greenlandic capital of Nuuk.
Proposed satellite receiving station
Beijing Normal University Dean Cheng Xiao held a "launch" ceremony in the Greenlandic town of Kangerlussuaq for the proposed Nuuk ground station on May 30, 2017. A group of more than 100 Chinese visitors attended the event along with two representatives of Greenlandic NGOs, but the project never won approval from the Greenlandic and Danish governments and did not proceed.
China’s foreign ministry did not respond to a VOA email asking why Beijing did not send personnel to the Norwegian and Icelandic project sites for lengthy periods, why it did not reach agreements to extend the Swedish and Finnish projects and why the Greenlandic project never got off the ground.
Marc Lanteigne, a social studies professor at the Arctic University of Norway, said China ran into local opposition for some of its projects.
"I’m thinking primarily of China’s plan to set up a research base in Greenland that was announced to great fanfare and then ran smack into Danish opposition," Lanteigne said. Denmark, a NATO member, has been "very touchy about anything that might look like a Chinese strategic beachhead" in Greenland, he added.
Lanteigne said China’s diplomatic disputes with some European Arctic nations have undermined the progress of its other scientific projects.
"China’s relations with Sweden really have begun to sour over the past few years due to human rights issues, and that has affected the ability of Chinese researchers to set up any kind of a base in Sweden itself," he said.
The scientific community of Ny-Alesund in Norway's Svalbard archipelago is seen in this photo taken by Royal Holloway University of London Professor Klaus Dodds in 2018.
Nengye Liu, a law professor at Singapore Management University, said he expects Beijing to focus on developing its more established Arctic projects in Norway and Iceland rather than on smaller projects that ran into obstacles in other nations.
As Arctic ice melts because of climate change, China sees new opportunities for shipping, fisheries and oil and gas development in the region, Liu said.
"So all these scientific activities are meant to ensure that a major economic power like China won’t be left behind. That is why China describes itself as a 'near-Arctic' state," Liu said.
VOA emailed the White House to request a National Security Council comment on what the U.S. is doing to manage tensions arising from China’s scientific projects in the Arctic but did not receive a response.
In an October forum at Washington’s Wilson Center, Devon Brennan, NSC director for maritime and Arctic security, said the U.S. is concerned that China’s exploitation of Arctic resources, such as fisheries and hydrocarbons, may diverge from what he called the rules-based international order.
But Brennan also said the U.S. recognizes that China has a "vested interest" in the region.
"While first and foremost, we will want to work with our like-minded partners and allies in the Arctic, there is room to cooperate with other non-Arctic nations for the betterment of the region," he said.
Editor's note: The story has been updated to correct the Yellow River Station’s capacity to approximately 10 personnel.