Student Union
- By Amanda Scott
Boston Public Schools Swap Out World Maps
Or more specifically, the world maps that hung in their classroom.
That is because the Mercator projection map, which has graced the walls of classrooms across the country for decades, was switched to the Peters projection, a map which many say more accurately depicts the size of the continents.
“These maps offer a more culturally proficient view of the world than the traditional Mercator Projection maps, which distorts North America and Europe by representing a greater land area relative to their South American and African counterparts,” school officials said in a statement.
The initiative will see the Peters Projection maps placed in all second, seventh and eleventh-grade classrooms. It comes as “part of a three-year effort to decolonize the curriculum,” according to Colin Rose, assistant superintendent of Boston Public Schools Office of Opportunity and Achievement Gaps.
"So this is about maps, but it isn't about maps," he told the Boston Globe. "It's about a paradigm shift in our district. We've had a very fixed view that is very Eurocentric. How do we talk about other viewpoints? This is a great jump off point."
For more than 500 years the Mercator map, created in 1569 by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator, has been considered the standard map projection for much of the world.
Created for marine navigation, specifically navigation of colonial trade routes, the map featured straight lines across the ocean and exaggerates the sizes of certain continents and countries, particularly those of the northern hemisphere which are made to look larger than those in the southern hemisphere.
An example of this can be seen in how the map draws Greenland larger than Africa, which actually has a geographical area 14 times its size. While Europe is shown as being larger than South America, which is nearly double the size of Europe.
The Peters projection was published in 1974 by German historian Arno Peters as superior to the Mercator projection, although cartographers recognized it as being identical to a map made by Scottish cartographer James Gall in the 1800s.
The map, often referred to as the Gall-Peters projection, is “area correct” or an equal-area map which shows every part of the world to scale and in proportion to the surface of the Earth.
Peters claimed in developing the map that less-developed countries were presented in a “fair manner,” unlike how they are shown on the “Euro-centered” Mercator projection.
The controversy on map accuracy is ongoing, as the below clip from Season Two of The West Wing television show.
https://youtu.be/vVX-PrBRtTY?t=41s
Cartographers say that every flat map misrepresents the surface of the Earth in some way and that the best representation of the surface of the Earth remains the globe.
What's your opinion on the map debate?
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- By VOA News
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- By Tracy Liu
Economics, tensions blamed for Chinese students shifting from US to Australia, Britain
U.S. universities are welcoming international students as the academic year begins. But while the total number of foreign students is steadily growing, the top sending country, China, is showing signs of leveling out or shrinking.
Industry analysts say the negative trend is mainly due to higher costs amid China’s struggling economy, with a growing number of students going to less expensive countries like Australia and Britain, and tense ties between Washington and Beijing.
The number of foreign students studying in the U.S. in 2022-23 passed 1 million for the first time since the COVID pandemic, said Open Doors, an information resource on international students and scholars.
While the U.S. saw a nearly 12% total increase year-on-year for that period, the number of international students from China, its top source, fell by 0.2% to 289,526.
That’s 600 fewer students than the 2021-22 academic year, when their numbers dropped by nearly 9%. The COVID pandemic saw Chinese student numbers drop in 2020-21 by nearly 15%, in line with the world total drop.
While it’s not yet clear if the drop is a leveling out or a fluctuating decline, analysts say China’s struggling economy and the high cost of studying in the U.S. are the main reasons for the fall in student numbers.
Vincent Chen, a Chinese study abroad consultant based in Shanghai, said although most of his clients are still interested in studying in the U.S., there is a clear downward trend, while applicants for Anglophone universities in Australia and Britain have been increasing.
"If you just want to go abroad, a one-year master's degree in the U.K. is much cheaper,” Chen said. “Many people can't afford to study in the U.S., so they have to settle for the next best thing."
Data from the nonprofit U.S. group College Board Research shows that in the 2023-24 academic year, the average tuition and fees for a U.S. private college four-year education increased 4% to $41,540 compared with the previous academic year.
The British Council said three to four years of undergraduate tuition in Britain starts as low as $15,000.
The number of Chinese students in Britain was 154,260 in 2022-23, according to the U.K. Higher Education Statistics Agency, HESA, up from 121,145 in the 2018/19 academic year.
Australia’s Home Affairs office said in the 2023-24 program year, China was the top source foreign country for new student visa grants at 43,389, up slightly (1.5%) from the previous year.
Chen said Chinese state media's negative portrayal of the United States and concerns about discrimination have also contributed to the shift.
Bruce Zhang, a Chinese citizen who received his master's degree in Europe after studying in China, told VOA Mandarin he had such an incident occur to him after he was admitted to a U.S. university’s Ph.D. program.
When he entered Boston's Logan International Airport last year, Zhang said customs officers questioned him for more than an hour about his research, and if it had any links to the military, and took his computer and mobile phone for examination.
"Fortunately, I had heard that U.S. customs might be stringent in inspecting Chinese students, so I had relatively few study-related data and documents on my personal computer," he said.
Zhang was allowed to enter the U.S. for his studies in materials science, but the questioning left him so rattled that he has encouraged other Chinese to study elsewhere.
Cui Kai, a study abroad consultant in Massachusetts told VOA Mandarin that experiences like Zhang’s or worse happen for a reason.
"Students who were questioned or their visas were revoked at the customs are usually those who completed their undergraduate studies in China and come to the U.S. for a master's or doctoral degree in a sensitive major," said Cui.
Former President Donald Trump signed Proclamation 10043 in June 2020, prohibiting visas for any Chinese student who “has been employed by, studied at, or conducted research at or on behalf of, an entity in the PRC that implements or supports the PRC's “military-civil fusion strategy.”
The U.S. says China has been using students and scholars to gain access to key technology and, under Proclamation 10043, revoked more than 1,000 visas issued to Chinese nationals and has denied thousands more.
Critics say the policy is costly to the U.S. and is encouraging Chinese students to look to European and other universities.
Adrianna Zhang contributed to this report.
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