Syria's war entered its ninth year on Friday, with fresh violence forcing thousands to flee from separate assaults on the last bastions of Islamic State and rebel-held territories.
Here are nine facts about the war, which grew out of popular protests against President Bashar al-Assad and has laid waste to swaths of Syria, creating the world's largest refugee crisis:
— More than 5.6 million Syrian refugees have fled to Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and Egypt, and 6.6 million have been displaced within its borders.
— About 11.7 million people need emergency aid in Syria, many of them children.
— The war has killed an estimated half a million people.
— 2018 was the deadliest year for Syrian children, with 1,106 killed in the fighting. That's just the verified deaths; the true figure is likely much higher.
— Up to 250,000 Syrians may go home this year as Assad controls most of Syria and the front lines appear stable for now between government territory and two big enclaves in the north and east outside Damascus's control.
— About 2 million children in Syria are out of school.
— As Islamic State has lost ground to U.S.-backed forces in eastern Syria, militants and their families have streamed out to al-Hol camp, which holds 67,000 people in "dire conditions," 90 percent of them women and children.
— More than 3,500 children from more than 30 countries, whose families have real or suspected links to the Islamic State, are living in harsh conditions in camps in northeast Syria.
— Of these, about 2,000 children are younger than 5.
Sources: Reuters, Thomson Reuters Foundation, U.N. children's agency, United Nations refugee agency, Mercy Corps, Save the Children, International Rescue Committee.
